Which condition results from inflammation of the colon?

The correct answer, ulcerative colitis, refers to a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the inner lining of the colon (large intestine). This disease primarily manifests with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. The inflammation caused in ulcerative colitis disrupts normal bowel function and can lead to significant complications if not managed effectively.

Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the cells of the colon, resulting in persistent inflammation. Unlike other conditions, such as renal calculus, which pertains to kidney stones, or hyperparathyroidism, which affects calcium levels in the body, ulcerative colitis specifically relates to colon health. Peritonitis involves inflammation of the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity, but is not exclusive to the colon itself. Therefore, ulcerative colitis is the specific condition linked to colon inflammation among the options provided.