Atherosclerosis is best described as what?

Atherosclerosis is characterized as the hardening of the arteries, which occurs due to the buildup of plaque—a mixture of fat, cholesterol, and other substances—on the artery walls. This buildup narrows the arteries and can restrict blood flow, leading to various cardiovascular complications. Over time, the plaques can also become unstable and rupture, potentially resulting in heart attacks or strokes. The correct choice reflects this crucial aspect of cardiovascular health, making it the most accurate description of atherosclerosis. The other options relate to different medical conditions not associated with the cardiovascular system, thereby establishing the specificity of the correct answer.